(C) Earths moons orbit is actually more eccentric than Ios, but Earths gravity is much weaker than Jupiters, so Earths moon. tidal heating caused by friction within Io's interior, due to the pull between Jupiter brown dwarfs that form, similar to real stars, by. Ios shape changes as it completes its orbit. Of the energy transferred from Jupiter to Io via the tides, some of this energy produces internal heat in Ios interior and some of it affects the orbit. Gravity from these bodies pull Io in varying directions. Its surface shows large amounts of craters hinting at the earlier geological activities. ![]() The farthest of the four Galilean moons, Callisto, is not affected by tidal effects. As the surface erodes even further, the icy spires eventually disappear, leaving impact craters exposed, as shown in the lower image. (A) Of the four major moons of Jupiter, Io is the inner-most one. Since it is too small to produce internal heat, Jupiters gravity creates tides on the moon. The spires are about 80 to 100 meters tall. At Io, the inward gravitational pull from Jupiter and the outward pull from the other Galilean moons results in intense tidal heating, which drives the moons. (b) These high-resolution images, taken by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft in May 2001, show the icy spires (top) on Callisto’s surface, with darker dust that has slid down as the ice erodes, collecting in the low-lying areas. Its volcanic activity is the result of tidal heating as the small moon is compressed and stretched by the much more massive Jupiter, along with two of the outer moons, Europa and Ganymede. Astronomers believe that the bright areas are mostly ice, while the darker areas are more eroded, ice-poor material. A new color picture of one large volcanic crater, Tupan Patera, shows various red, green, yellow and black surface materials laid down by volcanic interactions of molten rock and sulfur compounds, said Dr. ![]() (a) Jupiter’s outermost large moon shows a heavily cratered surface. Jupiter maintains the moons orbits via tides they raise on it and thus its rotational energy ultimately powers the system. The heat generated inside Io by the tidal tug of Jupiter makes this moon the most volcanically active world in the solar system.
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